Oral contraceptive pills or birth control pills contain certain hormones which can cause some side effects most of which are mild and can resolve a few months after taking the pill. There are serious potential side effects that differ between the type of oral contraceptive and the pre-existing health conditions.
The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) is a hormonal method of birth control. It prevents pregnancy and stops the ovaries from releasing eggs during ovulation. They also thicken the cervical mucus to act as a barrier. It is a pill every day for either 21 days or 28 days depending on the type that is taken.
There are two main types of hormonal birth control. Combination pill contains oestrogen and progestogen and the natural hormone progesterone only pill.
The contraceptive pill does suggest 99.9% effectiveness however it does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases so it is still recommended the male partner wear a condom to offer the best protection.
Hormonal contraceptives may cause some side effects, some ranging from common to others being more severe. Certain side effects are only experienced with the combination pill and may not be present when taking the progesterone-only pill. Some of the common side effects of both are explored below.
Bleeding due to contraceptives
A type of breakthrough bleeding or spotting is any bleeding from the vagina that is not part of the menstrual cycle. It looks different from menstrual bleeding and usually presents as light brown bleeding/discharge. However, spotting is the most common side effect because of the body’s adjusting levels of hormones. Taking the pill effectively and as prescribed can ensure prevention of bleeding between periods.
Nausea
Mild nausea is common however taking the pill with a meal or at bedtime can help. It should not be severe and or last weeks, if it’s of concern the doctor may suggest stopping taking the pills.
Breast tenderness
The birth control pill causes the breasts to feel tender especially when initially started. The breasts can grow in size so wearing a comfortable bra can help with breast pain and sensitivity.
Headaches and migraine
The frequency of headaches and migraines can increase when on hormonal birth control. This depends on the oestrogen and progesterone dosage and the type of birth control. A low-dose pill, or progesterone-only pill is less likely to cause them.
Mood changes
Our hormones play an important role in our emotions. Any fluctuations in hormone levels can increase the risk of depression. If the symptoms are causing concern, call your doctor to discuss them.
There are certain side effects that are specific to the combined contraceptive pill. Side effects including high blood pressure, feeling dizzy, increased appetite, and insomnia are specific to the combined contraceptive pill. If these symptoms are bothersome or take a toll on day-to-day life, it is best to talk to your doctor about switching to a different form of birth control.
Furthermore, women who are breastfeeding, older than 35 with a smoking history, and cardiovascular conditions are also not recommended to be on this pill. Individuals who get a migraine with an aura should look into the POP and avoid taking a combinational contraceptive.
Blood clots
The risk of a blood clot is small, 1 in 1000 females may get one when using COCP. It is essential to relay your health to the doctor before beginning this tablet. The risk of blood clots is mainly in the leg, lung and leading to a heart attack or stroke.
Cancer
Taking the oral combined pill can slightly increase the risk of getting breast or cervical cancer. However, 10 years after stopping the pill, the risk goes back to normal. On the other hand, taking the pill can lower the risk of getting ovarian cancer, bowel cancer, and uterus cancer.
The additional side effects of POP can be acne and changes in libido. The progesterone-only pill is known to not cause any other serious side effects or health risks. However it may not be the right medication for you if you have liver disease, have had breast cancer in the past or are unable to commit to the consumption of the tablet at the same time every day.
There is limited evidence, however, some research has indicated that cysts can form on the ovaries whilst taking progesterone-only pills. These aren’t dangerous and usually disappear on their own without any treatment.
Alternatives
There may be times when the oral contraceptive pill cannot be used, there are other alternatives available. With different methods, the effectiveness may vary, however most provide 99% effectiveness when used accurately. Birth control pills do not offer protection from STIs and for full protection, other methods like condoms should be used.
Consult doctor
In situations where the pill may be giving unpleasant side effects, it is advisable to seek medical health professionals’ guidance. A doctor can discuss and consult you on the options that may work best for your health and lifestyle.
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